Question 2 (a) part ii
Ratification relates back
3 marks
- Time to write
- About 6 minutes
From an older CBCS paper
Question
Question 2 (a) part ii · 3 marks- “The effect of ratification is retrospective.” Comment.
Reworded from the university paper; the task is the same. The original paper belongs to the University of Delhi. See DU's question bank.
Before you write
Read off the question and its marks
Read from the question
- CommentA statement to judge: take a stand on it in your first line, and come back to it at the end.
What the paper leaves open
The only copy of this paper found is cut off at the right edge of the page; the few words lost there are read from the sense and from the Hindi version of the question. The mark for this part is not legible on the copy; it is reckoned here at 9 marks, the paper's own split for its other questions. Marked as one question of 9 marks; answered here in 3 parts of 3 marks each (marks inferred).
Write it in this order
- 1 (ii) Ratification has a retrospective effect 3 marks 6 min
Try it first. About 6 minutes for 3 marks. Write it out, then open the solution.
Solution
Hover or tap a marked figure, like 72,000, to see how it is made and where else it appears.
(ii) Ratification has a retrospective effect. Where acts are done on behalf of another without his authority, he may ratify or disown them; if he ratifies them, the same effects follow as if they had been done by his authority (s. 196). The ratification therefore relates back to the date of the act: an agent who bought goods on credit on 10 January without permission bound the principal from that date when the principal accepted responsibility on 20 January.
Where the 3 marks sit
| # | Component | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | (ii) Ratification has a retrospective effect | 3 |
| Total | 3 |
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